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Studies have shown that the gut microbiota can convert dietary polyphenols into low molecular weight bioactive metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic acids, which may exert their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through signaling pathways like Nrf2 and NF-B (Papuc et al., 2017)
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A 1999 study (PMID: 10373343) showed increased longitudinal bone growth (tibial length) with no significant change in bone turnover markers (osteocalcin, BSAP)suggesting growth through increased bone volume rather than remodeling
Dose selection in the research literature varies with the application: musculoskeletal-injury studies commonly report 200250 g twice daily near the affected site, while gastrointestinal-focused protocols use 250500 g once or twice daily, subcutaneously
