De novo synthesis of serine from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) occurs through a pathway consisting of three sequential steps: phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) oxidizes 3-PG to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (pPYR) using an NAD + cofactor, phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT) transaminates pPYR to phosphoserine (pSER) using glutamate as the nitrogen donor, and finally phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) dephosphorylates pSER to produce serine [68]
Dubois-Deruy E, Peugnet V, Turkieh A, Pinet F
Dietary proteins such as beef, fish, and poultry or cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower, brussels sprouts, and broccoli have sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine
However, contact your healthcare provider if you notice: Persistent fatigue beyond typical medication adjustment Upper right abdominal discomfort Dark urine or pale stools Yellowing of skin or eyes (jaundice) Nausea that worsens rather than improves over time These symptoms are uncommon but warrant evaluation