In its invasive hyphal form, Candida penetrates the intestinal epithelium and releases more than 70 identified mycotoxins including acetaldehyde, gliotoxin, and candidalysin that trigger systemic inflammation, impair mitochondrial function, disrupt neurotransmitter synthesis, and compromise the integrity of the gut barrier, producing a multi-system clinical presentation that spans gastrointestinal, neurological, endocrine, dermatological, and immunological domains
Among the most well-known and studied effects of GLP-1 is its impact on the pancreatic islet, where the activation of GLP-1-associated signaling pathways results in increased insulin secretion and reduced glucagon production
Carnitine is eventually recycled back to the cytosol ( Figure 3 )
Simon, Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance