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pylori -infected gastric epithelial cells produce more ROS than healthy cells do

(6) IIRI + LM group: received 0.1 mL/10 g of Lactobacillus murinus (1 10 CFU/mL) daily via gavage for one week prior to IIRI surgery

The local inflammatory response involves muscle protein degradation systems that are orchestrated by a network of signalling pathways, activated or suppressed by hormones and cytokines [50, 53]

Biological and biomimetic systems: erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles and macrophage-derived exosomes exploit natural trafficking mechanisms to deliver drugs to synovial tissues, demonstrating reduced immunogenicity (Wang et al., 2025)