PubMed Kruse, T., Sewing, S., Jarl Edsberg, M., Fels, J.J., Hastrup, S., Holst-Hansen, T., Karsdal, M.A., Kramer, S.R., Roth, J., Sidelmann, J.J., Sonne, D.P., Teuteberg, K., Vissing, L., & Henriksen, K
Promoter-specific imprinting of the human insulin-like growth factor-II gene
28.2% in controls) Improved collagen organization and increased deposition Enhanced glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activity Increased angiogenesis through VEGF and FGF-2 stimulation Reduced pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-, IL-6) with decreased NF-B signaling Fibroblast migration stimulation and extracellular matrix remodeling GHK-Cu research consistently demonstrates that the peptide is biologically active at very low concentrations in the nanomolar range (110 nM)
Softer, more hydrated skin usually appears within the first month, while clearer overall brightening typically develops by month 2 to 3 of consistent treatment