L-Carnitine plus cilostazol versus cilostazol alone for the treatment of claudication in patients with peripheral artery disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Research Note: Published preclinical research, including a 2025 literature and patent review in the journal Pharmaceuticals (Jzwiak et al., 2025, Pharmaceuticals ), has documented BPC-157's effects on angiogenesis, nitric oxide signaling, and tissue protection in animal models, though authors note that no completed human clinical trials have been published to confirm these effects in people
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Recent studies strongly support the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are the main drivers of OA pathogenesis 37