Transition metalbased carriers (e.g., MnO, Cu 2 , Fe 3 ) provide an additional layer of functionality, as they can both deplete intracellular GSH and generate reactive oxygen species, thereby amplifying oxidative stress within tumors
Ultimately, the choice between TB-500 capsules, lyophilized powder, or nasal spray depends on factors such as convenience, researcher preference, and the desired mode of administration that aligns with the research or therapeutic goals
GLP-1R and -actin were measured by western blot and real-time PCR
However, when this balance is disrupted, ROS accumulates, leading to oxidative stress [4]