Tirzepatide is more effective due to its dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor mechanism, but oral semaglutide eliminates the need for injections entirely
The 2024 Inflammopharmacology BPC-157 review (PMID 38980576) and the 2016 Vitamins and Hormones Thymosin -4 dermal-healing review (PMID 27450738) compile contemporary research framings for each component peptide

During GLP-1associated weight loss, lean-mass changes are typically adaptive and preventable , not degenerative. GLP-1 Body Composition Changes: What Clinical Trials Show About Muscle Loss Clinical trials and body-composition sub-studies of semaglutide and tirzepatide consistently demonstrate: Fat mass accounts for most weight lost during treatment. Lean mass may decrease , particularly without resistance training or adequate protein intake. In many patients, the proportion of lean mass relative to total body weight is preserved or improved , because fat loss exceeds lean loss. Key clinical insight: GLP-1/GIP therapies improve overall body composition by preferentially reducing fat massnot by causing muscle breakdown. Lean mass refers to all the non-fat tissues in the bodyprimarily skeletal muscle , but also organs, bones, connective tissue, and body waterthat support metabolism, movement, and overall physical function

[9] To be able to confirm possible cardiovascular benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors requires large, double-blind, randomized trials with formal adjudication of cardiovascular end points