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Medical conditions affecting absorption warrant particular attention : Pernicious anaemia : an autoimmune condition destroying gastric parietal cells, requiring lifelong B12 injections Gastrointestinal surgery : particularly gastric bypass, gastrectomy, or terminal ileum resection Inflammatory bowel disease : Crohn's disease affecting the terminal ileum impairs absorption Coeliac disease : untreated disease damages the small intestine, reducing B12 uptake Medication use : long-term metformin therapy (MHRA safety alert) or nitrous oxide exposure Symptoms suggesting possible B12 deficiency include : persistent fatigue, weakness, paraesthesia (pins and needles) in hands or feet, glossitis (sore, red tongue), mood changes, memory problems, or unexplained anaemia
Benoist CC, Kawas LH, Zhu M et al (2014) The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met system
**Rotator Cuff Injuries** BPC-157 therapy is believed to be efficacious in treating rotator cuff injuries, a common cause of shoulder pain