Consider intramuscular vitamin B 12 injections instead of oral replacement for suspected or confirmed vitamin B 12 deficiency caused by diet if: The person has another condition that may deteriorate rapidly and have a major effect on their quality of life (for example, a neurological or hematological condition such as ataxia or anemia)
The review synthesized findings from cell-culture experiments (human dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, irradiated fibroblasts), animal models (rats, mice, pigs, dogs), and human cosmetic-science studies of topical formulations
KPV, also known as Lysine-proline-valine, is a naturally occurring tripeptide [that] has been shown to attenuate the inflammatory responses of colonic cells[and] exerts its anti-inflammatory function inside cells, where it inactivates inflammatory pathways (Xiao et al., 2017)
These effects are modest, but they are at least documented