Hemoglobin, as a gas-transporting molecule, is also responsible for the transport of approximately 23% of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), a final product of metabolism, from tissues to lungs for elimination from the body [44]
The mechanism of action includes several key effects: Enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, which helps lower blood sugar levels Suppressing glucagon release , thereby reducing glucose production by the liver Slowing gastric emptying , which prolongs the feeling of fullness after meals Acting on appetite centres in the brain , particularly the hypothalamus, to reduce hunger and food intake Most GLP-1 medications are administered via subcutaneous injection , either once weekly (semaglutide, dulaglutide) or once daily (liraglutide), depending on the specific formulation
Mounjaro (tirzepatide for T2DM) and Zepbound (tirzepatide for obesity) from Eli Lilly are growing at the fastest CAGR, driven by the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist mechanism that has consistently demonstrated superior weight loss outcomes versus semaglutide in head-to-head clinical comparisons
Oxidative stress, characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupts the balance of glutathione within liver cells, leading to glutathione deficiencya common feature in these liver conditions
